How to not die in the mountains

In the summer months, Leh brims with trekking companies who advertise open spaces on upcoming trips via posters and signboards outside their offices. A walk down Changspa road—the main avenue for backpacker guesthouses in this high-altitude Indian outpost—offers up departure dates for pony treks through Zanskar, camping trips to Tso Moriri, and guided teahouse hikes through perennially popular Markha Valley. I had planned my travels for 2016 around being in Ladakh for the summer, so after a week of acclimatizing (and a lot of wheezing climbs up flights of stairs at 3,500 meters), I was eager to finally make solid trekking plans. I had my eye on a 10-day trek starting in Lamayuru, a village known for its medieval gompa about three hours west of Leh on the Srinagar road. After talking to a dozen agents, I hesitantly agreed to join a three-person organized trip slated to leave in late July. I had already spent several days fretting over the cost of the trek; the prices for guided expeditions during Ladakh’s peak season swing between $35 and $65 a day. This is reasonable compared to American or European standards, but rather high for India.

Leh

I’d been staying at Greenland, a homey Tibetan-style guesthouse presided over by a middle-aged Ladakhi woman named Yangchen. She caught me studying the early 2000s Swiss topographical map I’d picked up in Leh’s marketplace (maps of Ladakh are notoriously outdated and hard to find) and shrugged, unimpressed, when I told her my plans and their price tag. “You go Lamayuru alone, no need to pay guide,” she said. “Other people coming from France or America, they need guide because no time. You have time, have map. No problem. You stay at Tibetan homestays. Good business for them, nice walk for you.”

This is the type of advice I crave. It was high season, after all—surely there would be plenty of others on the route I was plotting, surely there would be plenty of people around to resolve navigation issues, and so on. I loaded my backpack, breezed by the trekking agency just long enough to ignore the look of doubt on the agent’s face when I told him I was going it alone, and hopped a 3 PM sardine can (translation: bus) to Lamayuru. Just before the bus rumbled to life, three men speaking Spanish and a diminutive Asian woman climbed aboard, asking conspicuously “Lamayuru? Zanskar trek?” I couldn’t hear the bus driver’s response, but the three Spanish speakers were evidently reassured, because they crammed themselves into a crowded aisle, removed an odd-looking instrument from a bag, and proceeded to have an hour-long jam session right there on the bus. I’m not sure my fellow passengers were entertained, but I felt joyful and free: This had to be a good omen.

The three Spanish-speakers, it transpired, were friends on holiday from Mexico City, and they intended to follow the same route as I did through the Zanskar portion of the hike before heading north to climb 6,120-meter Stok Kangri. The young woman with them, a Japanese tourist who’d left her husband at home while she pursued some solo outdoor time, was embarking on a longer trek southward toward Padum and was en route to meet her ponyman near Lamayuru. (The odd-looking instrument the Mexicans had played on the bus was a mouth organ they’d bought in Rajasthan.) The five of us followed a tout from the bus stop to a guesthouse down the road from the gompa. There were already half a dozen others sitting cross-legged in front of their dinner in the home’s dining room; before long, the three amigos and I had picked up an additional trio who were starting at the same trailhead we were early the next morning: a young British couple who would follow our route for a day before splitting off to cross an extremely difficult high pass farther north, and an Israeli med student who simply wanted a scenic day hike to the next town. Just eight hours earlier, I’d been on my own; now, one had become seven.

I’ve always found trailhead discovery to be one of the trickier parts of hiking. I am not blessed with a terribly strong natural sense of direction, and either everyone else in our party that first morning had an equally poor internal navigation system, or the trailhead out of Lamayuru was particularly difficult to find. We lost the path no fewer than three times the first hour out of the village. Our large format maps were all but useless, and the guide I’d picked up with hand-drawn trail maps was more detailed but almost a decade old. When we finally found our way to the top of the miniature pass we’d been aiming for, a windy notch called Prinkiti La, we were already rather far behind schedule for the day. I stopped to take photos as the rest of the group went on ahead. The Zanskar region is a bone dry, exposed landscape of subtle beige and lavender hues, like dunes of a great undulating desert made solid and left to decompose grain by grain. It’s intricately eroded, bleak and silent but for the wind.

The sky turned dark as I was packing up my camera gear and contemplating the steep canyon descent in front of me. There are many places I would not want to be during a rainstorm: a rock canyon in the Himalaya has to be near the top of that list. Unlike the Markha valley several days’ walking farther east, the Zanskar region has almost no vegetation to soak up or slow down rain. Flash flooding is practically a guarantee during any significant precipitation. I spent the next 90 minutes run-hopping downhill, occasionally having to throw my pack down two-meter drops before clawing my own way down the canyon walls. Happily, no true storm ever materialized; light rain was the worst that fell.

There was no sign at all of the next village until I abruptly reached the mouth of the canyon. Two desiccated chortens—earthen stupas built to ward off evil spirits—guarded the trail into Wanla, an all-but-empty riverside settlement with a scant few teahouses and a single general store selling pony feed and ancient candy bars. I caught up to my walking companions at lunch, and we spent the remainder of the afternoon dodging raindrops and attempting to filch apricots from gnarled orchards that marked one- and two-house dwellings along the small regional road out of Wanla. After a few pipes full of hash they’d snuck during a toilet stop, the Mexicans began to sing, prompting laughter from the rest of our party and the few ponymen we passed on the way. None of us was thrilled to be on a road—even a packed dirt secondary road—instead of a trail, but the path was clear and the company was good.

When the light began to fade, we stopped at the single homestay in a town called Phonjila for steaming cups of milky chai and some spirited map debates. The young British couple was pondering the wisdom of walking another five kilometers in hopes of attempting the Tar La, a 5,100-meter pass with a nasty reputation, the next day. The local homestay host, a shy man who rented out his own bedroom to guests during the trekking season, brought out a handmade map of the area and explained in halting English that the Tar La was “danger road.” Where this would have given me serious pause, the Brits knocked back their tea and donned their packs resolutely. The Mexican trio followed shortly after, having decided to follow the road to the next town on the route despite our Ladakhi host’s insistence that it was another four hours away. The rain, meanwhile, had intensified; I watched the Mexicans’ poncho-clad backs grow smaller in the gathering gloom and was all too glad to remain under the dripping tin eaves in Phonjila. A day of company had banished some of my nerves, and I was willing, if not entirely ready, to begin anew, alone.

The next morning dawned bright and warm, and I embarked upon the switchbacked dirt road from Phonjila to Hinju, the day’s destination. The journey to Hinju makes for a relatively short walk but is also both exposed and uphill. The scenery gets wilder and more fantastic with every meter gained. One of the hallmarks of the Zanskar region is the rock shards piled high on the roadsides, or even strewn across the mountain highways, leaving unsettling overhangs in the cliffs where tons of their mass have dropped away to be trampled under passing boots, hooves, and tires. For the most part, I gave these cliffside caverns wide berth. Once, out of curiosity, I dug my hand into the side of the mountainside next to me; I came away with a fist full of sandy lavender rock and a renewed sense of gratitude for the fact that I was walking up this ephemeral avenue instead of driving.

Three stocky chortens and a fluttering line of prayer flags outside Hinju mark the end of the road in this remote section of Ladakh. At just below 3,800 meters, a bubbling glacial stream and half kilometer of neat Tibetan-style homes is the last sign of civilization for many miles. I plopped down in a plastic chair beneath a tarp propped up by sticks after the road took a left bend and petered out. A hand-lettered sign with the words “Restrant” and “nodles” promised a hot lunch of packaged ramen with a few garden chives tossed in. The proprietress pointed me toward a steep hill on the left side of the valley. “Homestay,” she said. “Good bed.” I stopped at a creaky water pump to fill my water bottles, trooped past a sun-bleached ram skull standing guard over a needle-thin hill path, and leaned into the last climb of the day.

My homestay host that evening was an leathery old woman in a threadbare black dress who served me heaping scoops of rice and fried greens. I was grateful for a few hours of sunlit peace on the top floor of her house, spent sipping sweet black tea and anxiously poring over my map and guidebook in anticipation of the next day. For those who, like me, rely on homestays for shelter and food, the next section of the trail to Chilling stretches a beastly length and crosses a major pass—the Konzke La (alternate translations spelled Kungski or Konski), a whopper at 4,950 meters—on the way to the next high-altitude hamlet of Sumda Chenmo, deep in the mountains. The Mexicans had, in theory, crossed the pass already...assuming they were able to drag themselves out of bed by 5 AM for a killer day after they had walked late into the evening the day before. I settled onto the well-used mattress on the ground and resolved to leave by 4:45 the following morning with the aim of crossing the pass before noon and making it to Sumda Chenmo by the time the sun sank behind the ridgeline.

My early rise plan held up until I realized that breakfast and the attendant (highly necessary) packed lunch provided by my hostess would be arriving much later than I’d thought. By the time I bolted down leftover rice and greens and shoved the tin foil-wrapped lunch into my rucksack, it was nearing six o’clock and light was starting to leak into the valley. I made good time for the first few hours, huffing and puffing past a sleepy campsite barely stirring and overtaking a young Quebecois couple I’d met on the road from Phonjila the previous day. When I stopped to photograph some lonely chortens and the pale orb of the moon lingering in the sky above the mountaintops, I ran into a Swiss pair who were also coming from the village. They weren’t counting on making it over the pass that day, they told me; they had treated themselves to a homestay the night before, but like so many others on the trail, they were carrying a tent and would camp on the flanks of the mountain, allowing them to cross the pass early the next morning. I had yet to meet anyone else who was planning on going straight from Hinju to Sumda Chenmo—a troubling sign.


I hurried on, following a dry riverbed as it curved up toward the head of the glacial valley, and after two increasingly breathless hours found myself at the beginning of a sharp, clear-cut path onto the mountain itself. Panting turned to gasping as I ascended alarmingly narrow hairpin bends, jagged snow-covered pinnacles soaring on either side of me. I spotted three other trekkers far ahead, small daypacks on their backs, and was glad to know that I was at least heading in the right direction. At half past noon, the ascent halted and the wind reached a howling peak: There was nowhere else to climb. A ragged band of prayer flags adorned the bare dip of the pass; my head spun, both from the dizzying altitude and the raw, savage beauty unfurled before me on both sides of the saddle where I now stood. I spent half an hour traversing the thin strip of land, basking in the sun, sweat dried by the ferocious wind. I had that feeling of joyful inevitability, of having finished...a feeling that trekkers know as a siren song that tempts us to forget the painful necessity of having to come down the mountain—often a much more dangerous prospect than going up.

The descent from Konzke La was, fortunately for my knees, only mildly treacherous. I reached the bottom by two o’clock and celebrated with a hard boiled egg and half a dry chapati. Hunger gnawed at me as I hopped over boulders and criss-crossed a painfully cold stream that ribboned down the valley from the pass. I’ve realized over time that when I’m in the mountains alone, I adopt the food strategy of a shelter dog: I refuse to finish what I have until I can see up close who’s going to be providing me with more.

I tramped along in the brilliant sunshine, a breeze at my back, feeling buoyant, bold, unstoppable. A few kilometers past the bottom of the pass, a porter and guide were making camp for their three Indian clients next to the stream. I pointed down the riverbed as I drew level with the group; the trekkers were sipping tea, wrapped in windbreakers and scarves. “Sumda Chenmo is this way, yes?” Their guide looked at me dubiously, nodded once, and turned back to the tent he was pitching. Figuring I had another hour to go at most, I returned the headphones to my ears and plodded on, relishing what now felt like a benevolent abundance of oxygen in the atmosphere. It was nearing three o’clock, and the sun wasn’t fated to be above the towering mountain ridge for long, but it was also high summer. Even if the village was farther than I reckoned, it would be many hours until it was fully dark.


The first sign of trouble came when the steady gurgling of the stream turned into the rush of an actual river. Guidebooks and trail maps can’t reliably tell trekkers how many river crossings must be undertaken, or where, when the water flow is dependent upon glacial melt and other seasonal features like erosion and rock fall. I knew there would be numerous river crossings before I reached the village on the left bank, but I felt unwelcome tendrils of fear in my chest when I realized the river section wasn’t behind me, as I’d thought—I was reaching it now, a full three hours after I’d crossed the pass, in late afternoon when the water was highest.

River crossings in Ladakh, and indeed in much of northern India, can be treacherous and are almost always time-consuming. Currents are strong, and as you might expect of something whose origin is a glacier, the water is ice cold. For crossings waist-high and up, most people rely on ropes or animals to ferry them safely across. The river on the trail to Sumda Chenmo was only knee-deep: not high enough to warrant ropes, but high enough that I had to remove my boots every time I crossed the flow. For the first hour or so, I dragged off my dirt-crusted boots, donned river sandals, splashed through, and then dried my feet so I could slap the boots back on; after two hours I’d abandoned this lengthy process and had resorted to stumbling over the uneven riverbed terrain in my secondhand sandals between crossings—bad for the ankles, but faster. The sun had long since sunk below the walls of the valley.

Scanning the empty hills above me, I felt a flash of terrifying certainty: I’d missed the village entirely. It had been out of view behind a low ridge, up one of the tiny hill paths covered in scree that I’d stopped exploring because they invariably entailed a punishing climb followed immediately by a steep slide down to the same riverbed I’d just left. But one of those paths must have led to the village; I was absolutely sure. In fact, it could have been hours ago that I’d passed the crucial path up. For all I knew, I could be halfway into the next section of the trek—a section that contained what appeared to be the only tricky navigation elements of the whole ten days, involving a hard-to-interpret river turn and a potentially defunct trail up to a double set of high passes. In other words, I was quite literally in the middle of nowhere, with no tent, no sleeping bag, very little food, and no sure knowledge of where a settlement might be. This was, to put it mildly, suboptimal. More to the point, however: What now?

My watch read 6:01 PM. I gave myself one hour to backtrack up a few of the knife-edge hill paths decorating the left side of the valley like garlands. By 7:10, I’d found a few free-standing chortens, but none of them seemed to be guarding any structures or settlements except a ruined shepherd’s hut with three low walls, no roof, and an unappetizing smattering of animal dung. I walked a further 45 minutes downstream, the way I’d been walking before my flash of intuition, and finally sat down on a brush-covered tussock next to the river. Slow night was falling, and to put it mildly, I was beat. My calves groaned from the climb, my quads ached from the descent. I downed half of my remaining chapati, put on all the clothes in my pack, and lay down next to a boulder perched a few meters above the river. It was summer, but summer nights at 3,800 meters are not balmy, and the wind hadn’t abated. I sheathed my body in my flimsy silk sleeping bag liner, positioned my backpack in front of me to block some of the gusts, and strapped the pack’s weather-resistant rain cover around my torso. Most of all, I thought about what I was going to do when the sun rose.

I was cold. There’s no poetry in shivering. I was cold, but the Himalaya was undeniably beautiful even in semi-darkness: calm in its vastness, otherworldly stark and still. I knew from reading trail reports that there are wolves that roam the mountains, but my guidebook insisted (and strangely enough, I believed) that they keep to the highest reaches of the peaks in summertime when prey is plentiful. Despite my concern about this rather grave navigational error, I was appreciative at first of what a good story this cock-up would make: A night spent on the ground in the Himalaya! Fateful adventure! It’ll be like the Hunger Games! By midnight, however, after hours spent shaking on the rocky ground, I remembered that the whole point of the series is that the Hunger Games are abjectly terrible.

A summer moon rose and set, resplendent; I watched it trace a vivid arc across the belt of open sky between serrated ridgelines, an orb so bright that the valley floor was almost as visible as it would have been in daylight. I wondered, in the surreal glow, if I should pack up my things and walk onward, but fatigue kept me anchored to my patch of darkling dirt until the first hint of morning bathed the mountain walls in warmer light. I felt slightly dizzy from exhaustion and hunger as I walked unsteadily over exposed stones made slippery by the previous day’s high water. The alpine corridor made one leftward turn, then another, keeping the trail’s progress from view. Every few minutes I slowed and wondered, with a growing bloom of panic, if I ought to turn around and seek out the few hikers who might be coming over the pass this morning and ask them for guidance, or food. High stakes made for frequent hesitation.

And then it was there. Gold in silt, torchlight in fog: A hill path, clear and well-kept, snaking its way up a cliff on the north side of the valley to meet a waiting chorten. The path hugged the mountain around one last bend and the village burst into view, lined with irrigated greenery, a jewel in a bed of rock. I’d been wrong; there’s no way I could have missed it. A short walk on a little winding throughway led past scruffy orchards and symmetrical houses, several of which proclaimed their status as homestays. I stopped, dazed, beneath an ornately carved doorway with a red-lettered homestay sign that dispelled the last lingering question: “Sumda Chenmo” was printed neatly at the bottom of the painted square. I’d arrived exactly where I meant to—it had just taken much longer than anticipated.

The village was only just beginning to stir. It’s unusual for trekkers to turn up early in the morning asking for a bed, so it took several hours for the confused hosts of Sumda Chenmo to find out whose turn it was to house a walker for the day. The homestay system in Ladakh works on an honor-bound rotating basis: Villagers try to ensure that everyone in town has a share of the profit homestays bring, so it’s common for local people—in particular women and school-age children who are home for the summer—to stop off at one another’s homes and call out over rooftops and gardens to determine who’s next in line to dole out tea and rice to trekkers. Often I’d inquire whether a homestay house had space and would receive a polite refusal from the proprietors even when rooms were obviously empty; eventually I came to understand that this didn’t mean the hosts were unwilling to have guests stay, but rather that it was someone else’s turn.

By mid-morning, a young family had given me a mattress on the floor of their guest room and brought out a thermos of black tea and a plate of barley biscuits that I consumed with indecent enthusiasm. The family member with the best English was, unsurprisingly, a ten-year-old girl who poked her head into the room at frequent intervals to see whether the wild-eyed backpacker had emerged from her cocoon of blankets. When I at long last morphed back into a well-fed, semi-rested human being, she sat down across from me, beaming, and asked shyly if I was from America. This question is asked with bewildering, bracing, breathtaking regularity: If ever I should forget the stranglehold the USA maintains on global imaginations, I would only have to step outside its borders to be reminded, by someone like this luminous creature, of the tragic and triumphant power of the American mythos. I told her yes; she proudly informed me that her favorite television show is America’s Next Top Model. And so it goes.

I was on the trail by half past six the next morning. I looked back just long enough to appreciate how well and truly isolated these hardy people were; then I rounded another bend, and the village was gone as quickly as it had appeared. The day’s goal was Chilling, a town popular with whitewater rafters who throw their welfare into the hands of the Zanskar river gods and ride puffy yellow boats two days down the river to Leh. Chilling was the midway point of my trek and marked the end of the Zanskar region; across the river and a quick two hours’ walk east was the trail through Markha Valley, where I was guaranteed more companions than I’d seen on any segment of this path.

There was, however, a problem. Chilling was eight to ten hours southeast of Sumda Chenmo, over yet another dauntingly high ridge that lay between the mighty Zanskar River and the smaller, craftier Sumda Chu I’d crossed so many times two days earlier. The Sumda Chu is joined, an hour or two past Sumda Chenmo, by a tributary; according to my maps, this tributary is the signal to cross to the opposite bank of the river and search for a trail up to the Pagal La, a 4,200-meter-high fakeout that takes hikers back down to the upper 3,900s before a brutal climb up to the Dundunchen La at 4,700 meters. The problem was twofold: The flow and positioning of the crucial tributary varied seasonally, and there was no guarantee the trail to Pagal La would be discernible. If I missed either of these two steps, I’d be walking for hours in the wrong direction, with no village in sight.

In peak season, the uncertain trekker’s navigational cheat is following the droppings of pack animals plying popular routes between villages or campsites. In other words, if you’re lost, follow the donkey shit. That was my plan as I scrambled down the steep embankment toward the riverbed where the trail picked up half an hour outside the village. The Sumda Chu gurgled peacefully in the early morning chill. Not 45 minutes out of Sumda Chenmo, the Chu absorbed two different streams that could have been kindly termed ‘tributaries’ but were more likely summer snowmelt coming from peaks farther south. There were faint signs of donkey droppings ahead of me; I walked on.

I spent two hours climbing through heavy brush onto sandy hill trails that fell apart in my hands, only to have to scramble back down to the boulder-strewn riverbed. The water was rising quickly, and there’d been no sign of an obvious tributary or a path up to the passes. Another hour of increasingly risky rock jumping—no simple task with 12 kilograms of camera and other gear on my back—led to a clear stopping point: The peaceful morning river had turned into low rapids with a strong current, and there was a series of small but impassable waterfalls not ten meters in front of me. It wasn’t clear that backtracking through the gorge was even an option; aside from loss of valuable time, the river was still rising, and the rocks that were the only passable trail an hour ago might well be submerged by the time I reached them again.

I could see a suspiciously flat space along the cliff on the left bank of the river, perhaps 40 or so meters above the water. Such an even plateau in this terrain couldn’t be anything but man-made. I backtracked until I found a canyon wall I thought I might be able to climb without immediately plummeting from the cliff face. While I was crossing the river for what I fervently hoped would be the last time, the bottom of one of my trekking poles caught on an underwater rock formation, separated from its casing, and was washed downstream. I cursed under my breath as I clambered onto the opposite bank and untied the boots slung over my back.

I am not a rock climber. The climb out of that gorge ranks as one of the toughest things I’ve ever done, and it probably tops the list of the most dangerous. The cliff came apart in my hands and blanketed my clothes as I pushed frantically upward, using every ragged gasp of breath to keep vertical momentum from becoming a freefall. When I reached the plateau, heaving like an animal in its dying throes, I crouched motionless as much from shock as from fatigue: There was a road in front of me—a wide, flat, honest-to-god road lined with neat little rows of sharp rock on the cliff side. Where the hell had I ended up? There were no mapped roads anywhere in the vicinity of the the double pass.

The “follow the donkey shit” strategy had been a bust. It was close to noon, and after a long morning of riverbed navigation in wet sandals, I was more than happy to follow this mystery road wherever it led. Building roads in Ladakh is a dangerous, labor-intensive prospect; if a road exists, it’s absolutely necessary. There was no chance this one was a dead end. At worst, I thought, I’d take my chances in whatever lonely settlement lay at the end of this rainbow and attempt to find the Pagal La again the next day. Yangchen had been right when she’d told me back in Leh that I was blessed with time. As long as I could find food and a roof every day (or two), I was okay.

Newly lighthearted, I trotted down the blindingly bright road in the midday sun. A dark figure came around a bend several hundred meters away; it was an elderly woman, full baskets piled on her back. “Jullay!” She called out the universal Ladakhi greeting, grinning at me from beneath her head scarf. Pressing my palms together as a sign of respect, I returned her greeting and pointed in the direction she’d come from. “Dundunchen La is this way?” She threw back her head and laughed gustily—always a good sign. “No, no, no, no,” she said, shaking her head vigorously and raising her hands as if to push me away. “Dundunchen La there, three hour.” She indicated the way I’d been walking for most of the day, then turned to point back the way she’d come. “This Sumda Do.”

I’d never heard of Sumda Do, but if it had a name, it probably had a water source and a person who could point out where I was on a map. I asked the woman if Sumda Do had homestays and received a litany of “yes”es in reply. She continued merrily down the road, cackling. I’d made her morning, if not my own. A mere 45 minutes of walking revealed that the packed dirt road did indeed lead to Sumda Do, and it was gorgeous. A magnificent red prayer wheel stood over the confluence of two roads; they met in a sharp V filled in by a shallow stream bed that dropped precipitously toward the Zanskar River. The town itself was a dozen or so houses spread amongst riotous fields of deeply green barley, their pregnant stalks bucking wildly in the breeze, heavy with grains. The mountains of the Ripchar Valley dwarfed the village, casting Sumda Do’s verdant fields in sharp relief against bleached crags of ochre and slate and lavender. I dropped my pack and simply stood, for a long moment, with my arms spread wide to let the wind slice through me, face tilted skyward, a feeble offering to indifferent alpine gods whose blessings I seemed to have stumbled upon by accident.

Bricks of pale earth were drying in the courtyard of a handsome Tibetan-style home when I called out a tentative greeting from its gate. A cow lowed dolefully from its pen in the yard, startling a pair of sheep and setting off a chorus of animal distress. A lovely older woman with a baby on her hip jogged around the corner of the house, exclaiming in Ladakhi and gesturing for me to come in. Moments later, her husband appeared from a dark room on the first floor, a moon-faced toddler in tow, and showed me to a beautifully appointed room on the upper floor. It was one of the largest homestays I’d seen: Two adjoining reception chambers, splendidly adorned with family heirlooms and formal serving dishes, abutted a locked shrine room; a covered corridor connected a set of uncommonly sturdy stairs to a spacious terrace strewn with apricot seeds drying in the sun, waiting to be pounded into bitter flour.

My hosts explained that I had indeed missed the southbound turn up to the sister passes. Instead, I’d hit an unmapped eastbound road still under partial construction. In a happy twist of fate, the other road I’d seen by Sumda Do’s regal prayer wheel was a major thoroughfare called the Zanskar Valley Road; it tracked the seething Zanskar River all the way north to where the Zanskar joined the almighty Indus—and if I followed it south, it would lead me directly to Chilling in a mere two hours. There was time yet in the day, but the village’s charms had already snared me, as had my hostess’s garden-fresh mint tea. I whiled away the afternoon in a daze of small pleasures. I traced the carvings on the old prayer wheel, washed my hair in icy creek water, watched slender birch trees flash their silver-bellied leaves in the wind. When evening fell, I sat in my hosts’ sumptuous reception room and ate a homemade barley and vegetable stew called skyu on one of many red-lacquered tables. Insects buzzed as I fell asleep on a pile of thick carpets thinking only yes.

If you’ve come this far and thought, “This doesn’t seem finished!” you’re completely right. I might finish it one day.

Trekking Mount Kenya

Africa's second-highest mountain lies just south of the equator against a spectacular backdrop of turbulent greenery and boundless Kenyan sky. Four hours from Nairobi and a thousand meters up, Mount Kenya National Park offers refuge to species that range from elephant and buffalo to thumb-sized chameleons and chattering rock hyrax—and, of course, outdoor enthusiasts whose imaginations have snared on the jagged steeples of Mount Kenya's triplet peaks. The scenery in this protected tract of Kenyan heartland is straight out of an adventure film: waterfalls tumble from volcanic ridges millions of years old; giant lobelia and tufts of spiky mountain grass cluster in windswept valleys; glaciers cling defiantly to vertiginous belts of Pliocene rock.  

Mount Kenya's apex is a broken cone with three distinct peaks. The higher two—Batian and Nelion at 5,199 and 5,188 meters respectively—require technical climbing skills and can only be summited in season, when the ice and snow are safe to tread upon. The third summit is 4,985-meter Point Lenana, whose lower elevation (16,355 feet) makes it accessible to trekkers but still offers a challenging ascent. I had no intention of climbing the mountain when I arrived in Kenya, but for more than a month, locals on island beaches and Maasai plains and highland boats had enthused about the surfeit of natural beauty on display around Kenya's eponymous high point. There seemed to be national consensus that I had let my hiking boots languish long enough. 

And so it was that I met with a pair of local guides named Ben and Joshua in a leafy suburb of Nairobi last March. The sky was dark with impending rain. I was fresh from two weeks on Kenya's sweltering coastline, where waving a fan or swiping at a mosquito was considered intense physical activity. Ben and Joshua had decades of experience on Africa's highest summits, and I had a fistful of shillings and three wishes: to walk alone; to stop for photos as often as I liked; and to not die on the mountain. We agreed to set out at five o'clock the following morning.

The drive to Chogoria town on Mount Kenya National Park's eastern border took us through farmland sown with rows of coconut palms, thickets of banana trees, and mile after mile of rice paddies. Their flooded surfaces winked spectral patterns in the sunlight, clandestine messages playing out on a vast mirrored plain. Rice farming in this region had increased many times over in recent years, Ben told me. Water was a concern. The rains were late this season; they were becoming more unpredictable. I had heard the same complaint all over the country.

When the rough dirt track inside the park got too steep for our minivan to climb, we shouldered packs and began to walk. While we wandered through bamboo forest and tramped over alpine heath, Joshua recounted bits of his personal history on Mount Kenya's slopes. The mountain had been his livelihood since he was very young. Years ago, he labored on park land: He helped build the system of trails and primitive huts that decorate the mountainsides, carried loads of timber for days at a time, saw friends fall victim to altitude sickness and overwork. The men in charge of park land back then, he told me, were not good men. He spent months alone in a cabin at 3,300 meters, keeping watch over the furniture and other accoutrements—simple things that had taken weeks of literally backbreaking work to import. He would stay until another caretaker was dispatched to replace him; sometimes, he said, the food ran out before a fresh man arrived. Once, bandits broke into the cabin. Joshua hid in the attic, a machete in hand, while they ransacked the property. The bandits took the mattresses, the cookware, the tools and weapons and blankets and what little food remained. They did not find Joshua. He waited for days, hungry; when no one else arrived, he followed a foreign expedition down the mountain. He didn't return to the cabin for a long time.

The first three days of walking were pleasantly moderate. Alas, Mount Kenya doesn't deliver her travails gradually; instead, she unleashes them all at once on summit night, when every step turns into a battle with patches of boggy moor, cascading volcanic rock, or icy outcrops. We camped at 4,300 meters in a valley pocked with lobelia the evening before our 1 A.M. ascent to Point Lenana. All routes to Mount Kenya's trekking summit are rated as scrambles; contrary to what a person—for instance, me—might reasonably assume, this does not mean that parts of the trail require hand-over-foot scrambling, but rather that the entirety of the route is hand-over-foot scrambling. Often, I would take three running steps up a steep slope, breathing laboriously in the thin air, only to slide back two strides. Freezing fog plagued the mountain and turned the bright beams of our headlamps to dim orbs. A thin film of ice crystals coated the plastic poncho I donned in lieu of a Ben-and-Joshua-mandated Gore-Tex jacket. The cold was profound, paralyzing. I could sense the open space around us rather than see it. 

Half an hour before Point Lenana, the main routes up the mountain begin to converge. Fifteen minutes below the top, the trail narrows into a short but formidable series of fixed chains and frigid metal ladders punctuated by two- and three-meter spurts of borderline-technical climbing. I was exhausted, shaky with nerves, when I pulled my body over the final ladder onto the summit. I had removed my clumsy mountaineering gloves for fear of losing my grip on the icy rungs; my fingers burned like dry kindling and were just as stiff. We'd climbed above the cloud line, the fog mercifully behind us. A pale sun rose, suffusing the mountain with watery light and laying bare the rocky sweep of valley below. It was heady and ethereal and very, very cold. 

I spent more of the powdery descent on my backside than upright, scree whipping at my hiking pants and opening tiny cuts on my hands. After a fortifying breakfast of sorghum porridge and sliced cassava root, we traversed a shallow basin filled with outlandish plants and the darting of an occasional hyrax. Joshua pointed out a hill he claims is named after him; later, he advised me on how best to escape charging buffalo (lie flat on the ground) and elephants (strip naked and throw your clothes into the brush). I must have looked skeptical, because he threw his head back and guffawed, whistling through his crooked teeth. You first, I said. He walked ahead, smiling.

The sunlight had mellowed when we arrived at the bunkhouse. I was so worn out that I was holding back irrational tears, desperate for a good night's rest. I collapsed, utterly spent, on a thin mattress laid over rough wooden slats. Before I fell asleep, I thought of Joshua all those years ago, on this same square of wild earth, alone with a pile of mattresses and a machete. That night I dreamt of elephants. 

More Kenya photos here.

Harar: Christmas in Ethiopia's holy Muslim city

The temperature on the bus to Harar hits 38 degrees Celsius seven hours into the ten-hour ride. We have passed through the baking plains near Awash, locked eyes with some errant camels, even seen a few baboons cowering from the sun under spindly acacia trees. Now, with the return of mountains to the horizon, a dark line of cloud is drawing across the sky like a shroud, promising rain if not relief from the heat. 

Ethiopians do not, as a general rule, open windows on buses, no matter how high the mercury climbs. They deny the taboo, but after five weeks in the country, I will know that it's common for passengers to vomit, to faint, sweating profusely in the still air. But this bus ride to Harar in the far East is my first, a 500-odd-kilometer sojourn from Addis Ababa marked by butte-like rock formations, dry scrub, and the scurrying of cockroaches along the bus seats. I am nauseated and sweat-soaked but undeniably excited. Africa! Finally, I am here, and once again I play the familiar travel game of "Which is strongest? Need to pee, desire to vomit, or fear for my life?" Welcome back, old friend! It's been too long.

The bus halts abruptly after a mere nine hours and deposits us along a broad avenue in Harar's new city, a sea of nondescript buildings covered in Amharic signs. Ethiopia's main language is written in long lines of wavy symbols; it is one of the most alien scripts I've ever seen.

This new concrete city surrounds the old walled citadel of Harar, a chitinous shell enveloping the warm pumping heart of Muslim Ethiopia. Old Harar is a tangle of brightly painted alleys that open suddenly onto humming market squares crowded with women selling produce under plastic tarps and vendors hawking cups and metal and rough-hewn legs of meat. Like much of the rest of this ancient land, nobody knows exactly when the city was established, but it's been a center of culture, trade, and conflict for many centuries. Acknowledged as the fourth-holiest Muslim city (following Mecca, Medina, and Jerusalem), the oldest of Harar's many mosques (official counts put the number at 83, but Hararis say the city has 99—an important number to Muslims) is said to date back to pre-medieval times. During the 16th century, a spate of fundamentalist imams used Harar as a launching pad for jihadist raids on Ethiopia's Christian kingdom—and built a wall around the old city in the process. Today, however, Christian, Muslim, Rastafari, and more live in a surprising kind of celebratory harmony in Harar, where devotion is shot through with a pronounced vein of decadence. The atmosphere here, quite frankly, says 'party city' as much as 'holy city.' I do not complain.

Harar is a riot of humanity in a way that reminds me of India. We hop over vendors selling spices, sidestep beggars, circumvent donkeys and children and piles of shit. The sights and smells are overwhelming. Putrid odors combine with the tantalizing scent of roasting coffee beans—a stalwart in coffee-obsessed Ethiopia and an appropriate welcome to Harar, which is fabled to be the birthplace of the bean. The heat thrums like a living thing. The flies are incessant. There is no water.

By happy accident, I and the five companions I've met along the way are here during Genna, the Christmas holiday for Orthodox Christians in Ethiopia. Christmas falls on January 7th because of a confounding list of differences in the Ethiopian calendar. It's 2008 by their count, I think, or maybe I'm entirely wrong. In practice, Genna means that the dominant Muslim contingent in Harar takes off from school and work and joins Christians around the country in family feasts and public celebration. For Harar, the festivities take on a more bacchanalian tinge than I suspect most of the country indulges in: Along with mammoth platters of rice and meat and spiced stew, there are many liters of beer and copious amounts of khat, a bitter green leaf chewed for its stimulant properties, ubiquitous in this part of the country. Hararis take deep pride in their shared commitment to honoring and celebrating each other's religious holidays.

I join the family with whom I am staying for an afternoon of their communal Genna celebration, which consists (predictably) of women laboring over pots in the courtyard while the men sift through their enormous bags of green leaf and sip beer and smoke sheesha in a dark side room. Still, despite this inequitable 'division' of labor, I do not hesitate when the men enthusiastically beckon for me to join them in their revelry. The man of the house, a retired military officer who, like so many others, has spent large portions of his service in Eritrea, has a bit of English and makes clear that I am his guest and to be treated with respect, to be given proper space. Ethiopian men, thus far, have been alarmingly aggressive toward me and other female travelers; I am touched by my host's hospitality and, truth be told, eager to participate in this back-room ritual that dominates so much of social life in Harar.

After two hours of gingerly stripping khat leaves from their stems, I am no longer nervous, and I no longer care about the year. I have a pleasant buzz, with minimal teeth grinding, and am laughing along with the rest of the group at my pitiful attempts to speak Amharic. Whenever a new person enters the room, my host introduces me by saying, "This is Cat—my cat!" to laughter that grows more uproarious as the beer bottles and empty khat bags accumulate in the corner. They teach me various words for 'cat,' clapping when I correctly pronounce the Amharic word adurro, and ask me about America. We talk about Sweden, where several of the family members live for most of the year, about Harar, about Eritrea (the military men grow serious on this topic; their expressions darken; they implore me not to go there). A little girl old enough to walk but not talk toddles over to our group and fusses at the leg of a man who must be her father; without looking up from his khat bag, he picks out a few leaves and hands them to her, easy as you please. He smiles at me lazily. 

The men empty out of the room as the mosque's call to prayer sounds, and I take the opportunity to slip out the gate and wander around the city in a mellow daze. The constant cries of "You, you, you! Faranji (foreigner)!" bother me less with a belly full of khat and Harari beer. Genna makes a chaotic dusk in Old Harar—the muezzins' amplified cries of "Allahu akbar" from mosques all over the city clash with hours-long chanting from the loudspeakers of the few Christian churches within the Jugol walls, and many more outside. I meander toward a low plain on the edge of town, chased by children who seem to have made a game out of who can tag the foreigner first, or most. The plain is a Muslim cemetery whose graves date back who-knows-how-long. It has the feeling of an old place—the center of something. 

My friends and I met a young guide named Solomon our first day in town. He is undoubtedly a hustler, but his English is outstanding and he knows the city well. He is scrawny and darker-skinned than many Ethiopians I've met, with untidy braids sticking out from his head at every angle, Rasta-style. His storytelling is first-rate. He guides us around tight corners and bids us look up every so often at a crescent and star we wouldn't have noticed otherwise. A mosque here, a saint's resting place there, an alley called 'Peacemaker Alley' because it's so small that men who fight cannot meet each other without having to make peace as they pass. We come upon a giant fig tree whose roots drape over the corner of a traditional Harari house and slip under milky cement steps that lead to another alley. Solomon reiterates that Harar has 99 mosques, like Allah has 99 names. "Actually," says Solomon, a sly Solomon smile spreading over his face, "Allah has 100 names, but the last one is unknowable to men. Only the camel knows the 100th name of Allah; this is why camels smile so big." A Solomon classic. 

At night in Harar, just outside the old city walls, there is a man who calls wild hyenas. They come trotting out of the bush, with their shifty eyes and sheepish gait, to eat strips of raw meat from sticks he holds out to them. They are skittish; they can't hold still. Only the Hyena Man can coax them from the shadows. Scant bunches of tourists line up to feed the hyenas at his direction, illuminated by the headlights of idling tuk-tuks. I am not making this up. The Hyena Man is the master of an exceptionally strange circus: He commands us to crouch, says "make strong," holds the meat over our heads so the hyenas will lever themselves up on our backs to reach it. They are heavy for their size, all muscle and rough fur. Some people hold the meat sticks in their mouths, let the hyenas come kiss-close to gobble pieces of carcass from the skewers. Afterward, we go for beer.  

Our last day in town, I convince my remaining two companions—a Canadian friend I know from Boston and a 19-year-old Aussie I met on the bus—to join me for a trip to a famous camel market in the desert hills an hour east of Harar, toward the border with Somaliland. The city of Harar is a little cultural island in the province of Oromia, but the market is solidly in Somali territory—still Ethiopia legally, but culturally bound to its eastern neighbor and more governed by tribal law than state. 

Solomon and a friend pick us up in a striking blue vintage Peugeot. Together, we make our way east, the heat mounting with every kilometer. We pass tall, rail-thin Somali herdsmen leading groups of camels, their long legs wrapped in traditional skirt-like garments. Twice, our driver veers toward the side of the road to give wide berth to blocky, open-backed Isuzu trucks traveling at inhuman speeds. The trucks are loaded top to bottom with khat leaves. Solomon explains that there is a lucrative khat trade between Harar and Somaliland; since freshness means potency, each batch of khat coming from the markets is time stamped, and the faster traders are able to deliver the crop to waiting vendors on the other side of the border, the higher the price they receive for it. "The khat trucks go very fast, don't stop no matter what they hit," Solomon tells us. "We call them Al Qaeda." I look at him uncertainly, waiting to see if this is another off-color Solomon joke, but he does not smile when he answers the unspoken question: "Because they kill a lot of people." 

Camels are goofy-looking creatures, and I cannot help but be charmed by their toothy grins, especially now that Solomon has explained the reason for their mirth. The Somali herdsmen are not fans of my oversized, overly obvious camera, so I steer clear of the bigger groups as we wander around the plain crowded with man and beast. We ask how much a camel costs and Solomon tells us they are typically at least 16,000 birr ($700, give or take), but if the boys in our group fancy a camel, they needn't pay a dime. "We trade her to Somali man," Solomon says, pointing at me, "and we get at least two camels!" It's not immediately clear that he's joking.

After we sip sickly sweet camel milk tea in a Somali-style shelter made of acacia branches and leaves, our crew piles into Solomon's Peugeot to drive a bit farther down the eastbound road. We are passing through an area known as "the Valley of Marvels," a deep artery of scrub-covered dirt flanked by thousands of strange rock formations. Termite mounds whiz by on either side of us, mimicking the shapes of cacti and boulders and mountains. We get out of the car and disperse, each of us drifting aimlessly, eyes on the blend of horizon and rock. The sky-blue Peugeot is an aberration in this bizarre panorama. 

Just before we pile back in the car to return to Harar, we spot two groups of Somalis half a kilometer away, moving slowly in our direction. There are perhaps six or seven of them in each group, standing opposite each other on the road, gesturing, clearly angry. They have rifles slung over their shoulders. Solomon's friend says something hushed, urgent, and Solomon nods. We do not need telling; we get back in the car. Solomon turns to me and mutters, "You're not American." Somalis, I am told, are not fond of Americans (the early 90s war and its fallout, American support of Kenya's efforts to battle cross-border radicalism, and the negative effects of U.S. imperialism are all reasons offered for this generalization). Instead of driving back the way we've come, we head farther east, not wanting to cross the armed group. We can't do this forever, though, and in a burst of good luck, we don't have to: A red and white Médecins Sans Frontières (Doctors Without Borders) truck comes down the road, heading west, and our driver promptly turns around and follows. Solomon articulates a sentiment I will hear often over the next few months: "MSF is good. Other NGOs are not always good, but MSF does good work." We pass safely. Three days later, the bombing of an MSF clinic in Yemen would dominate global news. 

Before I leave Harar, Solomon offers up a story that perfectly exemplifies the undercurrent of convivial profanity that runs through this sacred city. So sayeth Solomon:

In Harar, to say 'Fuck your mother' is not an insult. Friends will say 'Fuck your mother' to each other freely—even in front of their mothers. Other cities in Ethiopia do not understand this. Once, a Harari man studying in Gondar (a northern city) told another man, "Fuck your mother!" The Gondar man was very angry. He took the Harari man to the police, who sent him to judges first in Gondar, then in Addis Ababa, and finally in Dire Dawa, a city only 25 kilometers from Harar. The judge in Dire Dawa heard the case, and he sentenced the Harari man to pay a fine of 100 birr worth of khat to the man from Gondar. When he heard the verdict, the Harari man responded, "Fuck your mother, and here's 200 birr!"

A Solomon classic. 

 

More Ethiopia photos live here